Technical and Scientific Journal Green Cities
The Technical and Scientific Journal Cidades Verdes is dedicated to the dissemination of scientific works resulting from empirical, experimental, or conceptual research. Attention – As of January 1, 2026, articles will be published in English and Portuguese. For submission, authors must be affiliated with at least an undergraduate degree program and must publish in co-authorship with a faculty member from the educational institution
ANAP - Associação Amigos da Natureza da Alta Paulista
Objective – This study analyzes the barriers and challenges faced by cyclists in the city of Petrópolis, RJ, as a basis for structuring a Cycling Master Plan. Methodology – The analysis is based on the city’s Mobility Plan, municipal urban planning regulations, and the existing cycling infrastructure to understand the real context of bicycle mobility, complemented by on-site surveys. Originality/relevance – The study highlights the gap between existing legal frameworks and the effective implementation of cycling infrastructure, underscoring the difficulty of translating normative intentions into concrete action. Results – The findings indicate inadequate and unsafe infrastructure, including bike lanes and appropriate signage, that increases cyclists’ vulnerability and hinders the expansion of bicycle use as a sustainable mode of transport. The implementation of a Cycling Master Plan is both essential and unlikely. Theoretical/methodological contributions – The study demonstrates how legal and institutional barriers limit the development of cycling infrastructure and provides input for academic reflections on active mobility policies. Social and environmental contributions – The study emphasizes that the absence of safe cycling infrastructure directly impacts cyclists’ safety and limits the potential of the bicycle as a sustainable mode of transport, affecting both social justice and urban resilience to climate change.
Copyright (c) 2026 Technical and Scientific Journal Green Cities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Numerical Analysis of the Effects of Ascending and Descending Corrosion on Steel Columns of Industrial Portal Frames
Objective - To numerically evaluate the impact of atmospheric corrosion on the mechanical behavior of steel columns in portal frames, considering different heights and directions of deterioration propagation. The study aims to understand how thickness loss influences the stiffness and stability of the structure, supporting design and preventive maintenance decisions. Methodology - The research was carried out through numerical modeling using the Abaqus® software, based on the theoretical model proposed by Vogel (1985). Simulations were performed with B21 beam elements, using a 200 mm mesh size. Corrosion scenarios with progressive thickness reductions were considered over exposure periods of 7, 15, 25, and 50 years, according to the guidelines of ABNT NBR ISO 9223 (2024). Originality/Relevance - The work proposes an approach that correlates the height and direction of corrosion with the loss of structural performance, highlighting critical regions and typical deterioration patterns in steel columns. Results - The results show that ascending corrosion exhibits gradual effects, becoming significant only when it reaches approximately 1.0 m in height, whereas descending corrosion causes noticeable deterioration with extensions as small as 0.4 m. A reduction in stiffness and an earlier onset of structural instability were observed, even with small displacement variations. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions - The study enhances the understanding of localized corrosion effects in structural steel members, presenting a replicable finite element–based simulation method. Social and Environmental Contributions - The research reinforces the importance of durability and sustainability in steel structures, promoting the rational use of resources through preventive maintenance strategies and extension of service life. The practical application of the results may reduce rehabilitation costs, minimize material waste, and contribute to more resilient and environmentally responsible buildings.
An analysis of the determinants of solid waste disposal in Brazil
Objective – To analyze the evolution of urban solid waste (MSW) management in Brazil between 2014 and 2022 and to identify the socioeconomic factors that determine access to household waste collection. Methodology – This quantitative study combines descriptive analysis of data from the National Sanitation Information System (SNIS) with an econometric model (logit) based on the 2015 Brazilian National Household Sample Survey (PNAD). Originality/Relevance – The research integrates sectoral analysis with empirical identification of the factors influencing access to waste collection services, highlighting critical inequalities within the context of non-compliance with the Brazilian National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS). Results – The sector shows stagnation in selective waste collection (available in only 32.2% of municipalities in 2022) and a 21.2% increase in the number of open dumps. The logit model indicates that residing in an urban area increases the odds of having waste collected by 125 times. Education, income, and being White also positively and significantly impact the probability of access to the service. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions – The study provides an integrated sectoral and econometric analysis, confirming the influence of social determinants on access to essential environmental services. Social and Environmental Contributions – It underscores the need for targeted public policies to reduce inequalities and promote environmental justice, aligning MSW management with the principles of the PNRS.
Copyright (c) 2025 Technical and Scientific Journal Green Cities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Objective – This study aims to analyze earth construction techniques, evaluating their performance in terms of sustainability and climate adaptation. Methodology – A theoretical review of the main techniques was conducted. Originality/Relevance – This study fills a gap in the literature by comparing earth construction methods, highlighting cost-effective and environmentally-friendly solutions for the construction industry. Results – The prototypes indicated that earth construction techniques are effective in low-cost environments, with good structural resistance and low environmental impact. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions – The research presents a new perspective on the use of earth construction techniques, validating them with practical data for contemporary application. Social and Environmental Contributions – These techniques offer a sustainable housing alternative, particularly for low-income communities, reducing the environmental impact of the construction industry.
Sustainability and Health Promoting Universities
Objective: This study aimed to investigate, within the scientific literature, how sustainability principles and practices are being incorporated into the experiences of Health Promoting Universities (HPU). Methodology: An integrative literature review with a qualitative approach, conducted through searches in the CAPES Journals Portal, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases, using the descriptors "health promoting university” AND “sustainability” OR “sustainable development” OR “Agenda 2030,” covering the period from 2015 to 2025. The critical analysis of the 27 selected articles was guided by two main frameworks: the Okanagan Charter (2015), which provides normative reference, guidelines, and principles for the HPU movement; and Van den Hove’s (2007) science–policy–society interface model, which helps to understand the institutional challenges of sustainability in complex contexts. Originality/Relevance: The study addresses a theoretical and methodological gap that remains scarcely explored: the concrete articulation between health, sustainability, and higher education. It reinforces the role of universities as strategic spaces for promoting planetary health, social justice, and ecological transition, contributing to the advancement of the 2030 Agenda goals. The analysis highlights the low degree of institutionalization of the Okanagan Charter guidelines and the fragmentation of sustainable actions in universities, demonstrating the critical originality of the research. Results: A predominance of occasional and theoretical experiences; few empirical studies detail integrated practices of sustainability and health promotion. Significant participation of students and faculty; low involvement of technical staff, administrators, and surrounding communities. Progress in curricular mainstreaming and the emergence of institutional sustainability policies in some institutions. Lack of systematized analysis and evaluation indicators—quantitative or qualitative—and of monitoring strategies for impacts. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions: Organization and critical presentation of previously scattered data, with an innovative categorization that articulates international frameworks (SDGs, Okanagan Charter) with institutional practices. Suggests methodological pathways for future research on sustainable HPUs, with emphasis on assessing cognitive, environmental, social, and institutional impacts. Proposes broadening the concept of the university as a “living ecosystem” committed to sociopolitical and ecological transformation. Social and Environmental Contributions: Highlights the potential of universities as catalysts for sustainable change and promoters of collective well-being. Emphasizes the importance of community participation and democratic governance in building healthy and inclusive environments. Provides input for strengthening university practices committed to the SDGs, fostering an institutional culture based on equity, co-responsibility, and environmental justice.
Cultural Ecosystem Services in Urban Green Areas
Objective – To map, analyze, and classify the scientific production on Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) in urban green areas, published between 2010 and 2025, with emphasis on the methodologies employed for their measurement and assessment. Methodology – This is an exploratory and descriptive study, with a qualitative and quantitative approach, based on a systematic literature review. The research was preceded by a bibliometric review and supported by content analysis. The search in the Web of Science database yielded 237 records, of which 152 composed the final corpus after applying inclusion criteria and screening with the Rayyan software. Statistical analyses, co-authorship network analyses, and trend analyses were conducted using VOSviewer and the Bibliometrix R-package, and were subsequently complemented by content analysis aimed at classifying the methodological instruments employed in the measurement and evaluation of Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES). Originality/Relevance – The study addresses the lack of consistent systematizations of techniques applied to CES assessment, a field that, despite its growth, still lacks methodological standardization and geographical diversity. It stands out for integrating bibliometric and content analysis methods, providing a comprehensive and critical perspective on evaluation practices. Results – A significant increase in publications was observed from 2018 onwards, with a projection of 31 articles for 2025 (R² = 0.897). Quantitative approaches predominate (56.6%), followed by mixed methods (32.2%) and qualitative ones (11.2%). Eleven categories of methodological instruments were identified, with emphasis on Likert-scale surveys (31.6%), text mining and social network analysis (20.4%), and spatial indicators (18.4%). Theoretical/Methodological Contributions – The study systematizes and organizes different approaches to CES assessment in urban areas, offering a novel comparative framework that can guide future research and management practices, as well as support the development of replicable protocols across multiple contexts. Social and Environmental Contributions – By highlighting regional inequalities and the underrepresentation of Latin America and Africa, the study reinforces the need to expand scientific production in the Global South. Its findings contribute to strengthening public policies, promoting environmental justice, and fostering the integration of city, landscape, and nature, in line with the Sustainable Development Goals.
Socio-environmental REDD+ safeguards in Brazil
Objective – Discuss REDD+ safeguards in the Amazon Fund (AF), from 2008 to 2025. Methodology – Narrative literature review and documentary analysis. Four aspects were considered for safeguards analysis: objectives, beneficiaries, operationalization, and results. Originality/Relevance – The topic is little explored in the scientific literature. This article explores socio-environmental aspects of a globally relevant climate fund for climate change mitigation, allowing for important conclusions to be drawn for public policy that considers the challenges raised in the study and climate justice. Results – The positive aspects of the evolution of safeguards in the FA include: pioneering in the adoption of safeguards, the adoption of knowledge generated by civil society, the alignment with REDD+ and methodological advances such as conceptual frameworks for evaluation and guidelines. On the other hand, the following challenges were observed: limitations in transparency and disclosure, lack of clarity regarding sources and current mechanisms for safeguards, and vulnerability to the political context. Considering objectives, beneficiaries, operationalization, and results related to safeguards, the positive aspects include the expansion of priorities and a heterogeneous approach to projects beyond carbon results, the generation of co-benefits, and a broad scope of beneficiaries. Critical observations include the FA being viewed more as a "mechanism for economic innovation" than a "mechanism for social transformation," its effectiveness and ability to demonstrate social impacts are limited, and that there is a lack of incentives for local and multi-level action. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions – The analysis allowed us to systematize the main documents of the Amazon Fund on safeguards and raise the main debates in the scientific literature. Social and Environmental Contributions – Safeguards inherently address social and environmental issues, and we observed that in the Amazon Fund they relate to climate justice and social and environmental benefits beyond carbon results.
Proposal of solutions for the depollution of the stream Riacho do Cavouco
Objective - To present the extension and research activity developed by Civil Engineering students, its methodology and results in the context of water body pollution in urban environments.. Methodology – A research, of an applied and descriptive-exploratory nature, integrates university extension activities with scientific procedures aimed at diagnosis and the proposal of solutions for the depollution of the Riacho do Cavouco, in Recife–PE. The work was structured in four stages: historical-geographical survey, environmental diagnosis, dimensioning of the data collection network and on-site validation by means of technical visit and participation in participatory management instances. Originality/Relevance – The study brings evidence of practical experience as a transformative potential of university extension, uniting academic training with real challenges of urban environmental management through scientific research. Results – The collected data confirmed the premise of degradation of the studied water body, solutions for depollution and wastewater management were proposed within the observed context, and it was possible to include the student body in the discussion and decision-making environment of the Watershed committee. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions The effectiveness of integrating university extension and scientific method was demonstrated. The active participation of the student in the process allowed diagnostic, technical, and relevant action of the student in the urban environmental management process. The hybrid approach provided more complex assessments that fostered a knowledge structure that can be continuously applied in similar contexts. Social and Environmental Contributions – The university students involved produced diagnoses of water degradation and were able to provide integrated solutions to promote effective recovery of the object of study. The active participation of students in the Watershed committee demonstrates the importance of strengthening the dialogue between university and society, bringing the student directly to the forefront of the study of environmental issues.
Potential of lignocellulosic biomass applied to Carbon Dioxide (CO2) capture
Objective – The objective of this study is, through a systematic literature review, to analyze the contribution of lignocellulosic biomass in carbon dioxide (CO2) capture, as well as to identify the main influencing factors assessed in related research. Methodology – The study used the PRISMA methodology (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses). In the investigation, the terms "lignocellulosic biomass," "carbon dioxide," and "adsorption" were used concurrently and directed to the title, abstract, and keywords of the studies. The selected papers were published between 2020 and 2024 and do not include review articles. Originality/Relevance – Driven by increasingly evident climate changes, it is essential that renewable natural resources, and especially the waste from these resources, be studied and promoted as biomaterials aimed at uses with the potential to mitigate Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Multiple biomasses have characteristics favorable for the adsorption of various substances, and given the vast number of species with diverse traits, it is necessary to evaluate their main contributions. Furthermore, the evaluation of biochars from biomass waste leads to the valorization of the product, with low associated costs and fostering innovation. Results – The studies highlight the high adsorption capacity of different biomasses, enhanced by activation processes or other treatments. Furthermore, the influences of temperature and pressure on the process are emphasized, demonstrating the pathways that are favored. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions – The factors that influence the applicability of a material, especially that of a renewable resource waste, are fundamentally important for understanding the effectiveness of processes and their laboratory or commercial reproduction. Temperature and pressure directly affect the efficiency of processes, and the activation of a biochar depends directly on the methodology used, which influences its adsorption capacity. Systematic literature reviews provide a consolidated synthesis of practices and approaches, demonstrating trends and predominantly used assessments, allowing for the use of efficient methodologies. Social and Environmental Contributions - The study highlights the contributions in recent literature regarding lignocellulosic biomasses in carbon capture, the primary gas responsible for the greenhouse effect. Given that Brazil is one of the most biodiverse countries and has a large production of various plant materials, it is important to understand waste as potential materials in the fight against mitigation.
Objective – To identify, select, record, and collect specimens of herbaceous, climbing, and shrubby plants native to the cerrado of São Paulo state with landscape potential. Methodology – The collections for this research were carried out from April to September 2025, during the dry season, at the Bauru Campus of São Paulo State University (UNESP) and its surroundings, using the Plant Hunting method. The species were georeferenced, photographed with details of their flowering, herborized, and the data obtained were organized in spreadsheets. Originality/Relevance – The relevance of this research lies in the exploration and presentation of the ornamental characteristics of cerrado species from São Paulo state, demonstrating their potential for use in gardens. Results – A total of 114 individuals were collected and recorded, of which 98 were identified, representing 71 species. Of these, 58 are native to the cerrado of São Paulo state and constituted the sample of this study, distributed as follows: 19 shrubby, 17 climbing, 12 herbaceous, and 10 subshrubby species. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions – Expansion of the use of native species, promoting landscape designs better adapted to local conditions. Social and Environmental Contributions – Preservation of the Cerrado, promotion of more sustainable gardens, ex situ conservation, dissemination of knowledge about native species to the population, and the contribution to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, especially SDG 11 (Sustainable cities and communities), SDG 13 (Climate action), and SDG 15 (Life on land).
Municipal Plan for integrated solid waste management plans and the minimum content of the PNRS
Objective: This article analyzes the compliance of the Municipal Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management (PMGIRS) of Paranapanema, São Paulo, with the minimum content established by the Brazilian National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS), created by Law No. 12.305/2010. Methodology: A qualitative methodological approach is adopted, with an exploratory and descriptive character, based on a case study and a comparative analysis of the elements required by Article 19 of the PNRS. Originality/relevance: Using the minimum content as an analytical framework, the research examines the plan’s technical structure, participatory dimensions, and operational weaknesses, proposing guidelines for its revision and effective implementation. Results: The findings reveal inconsistencies in the diagnosis, lack of measurable goals, institutional fragility, and limited integration among environmental and sanitation planning instruments. Theoretical/methodological contributions: The study highlights the importance of methodologies that transform legal provisions into analytical tools applicable to local management. The update of the legal framework, including changes introduced between 2020 and 2022, demonstrates that the proposed approach remains relevant and applicable under the new regulatory context. Social and environmental contributions: Aware of environmental impacts, the proposal for tabulations and continuous monitoring of solid waste generation—developed with the participation of different stakeholders and generators—encourages reflection on actions that can organize and minimize landfill disposal.
Objective – Analyze the city of Passo Fundo/RS from the perspective of more sustainable urban planning, evaluating indicators from NBRs ISO 37120, 37122 and 37123, and discussing strategies for energy efficiency, technologic Methodology – Applied research with a qualitative and descriptive approach, carried out based on a bibliographic review on sustainable cities, and based on a case study and documentary analysis of the indicators of NBRs ISO 37120, 37122, and 37123. Originality/Relevance – The study fills the research gap that relates international standards of urban sustainability to the context of medium-sized Brazilian municipalities, strengthening the academic and technical debate. Results – Potential for advancement was identified in public policies aimed at energy efficiency, technological innovation and urban resilience, as well as good practices in urban mobility with a focus on the population's quality of life. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions – The work reinforces the applicability of NBRs ISO 37120, 37122, and 37123 as diagnostic and planning tools for more sustainable city management. Social and Environmental Contributions – Benefits related to improving the efficiency of urban services and reducing environmental impacts are evident, seeking greater alignment of Passo Fundo with global sustainability goals.
Occupation of space in the city of São Paulo
Objective – This study aims to observe social vulnerability in the face of the expansion of informal urban settlements in the city of São Paulo, seeking to understand this urban phenomenon. Methodology – The methodology used in this study is action research, in which the problems identified by the theoretical framework must also be taken into account for the reliability and validity of the research. The qualitative approach and exploratory and descriptive nature of the research contributed to understanding the interaction of elements related to the object of study and the understanding of the phenomenon as a whole. The bibliographic research conducted in the Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases focused on the expansion of informal urban settlements, socio-spatial segregation, social vulnerability, and included the analysis of public documents, such as data from the Municipal Housing Secretariat, IPEA, and IBGE. Originality/Relevance – The research carried out is innovative for academic theory and practice, as there are no precedents for works that associate socio-spatial segregation and Social Vulnerability Indices with the expansion of informal urban settlements in the Municipality of São Paulo. Results – This study identified a gap in the organization and distribution of urban space, which effectively contributes to the expansion of the housing crisis, highlights infrastructure problems, and drives high rates of poverty and vulnerability. Therefore, informal urban settlements have become the predominant spatial segmentation in the peripheries, requiring the implementation of emerging public policies and the implementation of investments and services aimed at urban development as a whole. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions – The research carried out is relevant to academic theory and practice, as there are no precedents for works that associate socio-spatial segregation and Social Vulnerability Indices and the expansion of informal urban settlements, enabling a tangible view of poverty and slum formation in the Municipality of São Paulo. Social and Environmental Contributions – As a social contribution to the business sector and the public sector, the technical survey presents an overview of slum development and informal urban settlements, demonstrating the precariousness of peripheral and highly socially vulnerable regions. This report allows us to identify recurring problems in each social stratum. The data gathered contributes to the adoption of public policies and investments, and enables the recognition of the most vulnerable communities.
The Climate Action Plan of the city of Teresina, PI and the case of the Vila da Paz neighborhood
Objective – to analyze the Vila da Paz Urbanization Project from the perspective of creating adaptive capacities and climate resilience. Methodology – qualitative case study, supported by bibliographical and documentary research and field surveys. Originality/Relevance – bring science, politics, and society closer together, and raise awareness among public policymakers about the urgency of taking action to to address the possibility of these policies promoting climate injustices. Results – The Vila da Paz Urbanization Project did not promote the creation of adaptive capacities and climate resilience; on the contrary, it created new vulnerabilities and increased some of the existing ones. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions – highlights the importance of studies that critically analyze public policies and their implications in vulnerable urban areas. Social and Environmental Contributions – highlights the importance of social participation and intersectionality studies in the development of public climate policies.
The role of urban forests in regulating air quality in the face of the effects of climate change
This study aims to synthesize evidence on the contributions of the main component of urban infrastructure to air quality regulation in the face of climate change effects. It is an exploratory study with a qualitative approach, adopting a literature review, in which searches were carried out on the Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Portal Capes databases. Urban forests are essential for climate regulation, carbon sequestration, and environmental quality improvement, reducing air pollution and contributing to population well-being. The review shows that their benefits are widely recognized, but challenges persist regarding species selection, ventilation conditions, and urban morphology, factors that directly influence pollutant dispersion. It is also highlighted that the concentration of studies in major centers of the Global North indicates the need to expand research in Latin American contexts. This study reveals that urban forests are recognized as a decisive component of green infrastructure or within the sociological systems of cities. Thus, it reinforces the relevance of urban forests for achieving SDGs 11, 13, and 15 for sustainable development.
The impact on health from the perspective of disasters
Objective – To analyze the health impacts resulting from the Brumadinho (MG, 2019) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS, 2024) disasters, based on technical notes from the Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), identifying how these impacts were addressed, prioritized, and documented across the environmental, social, economic, and health dimensions. Methodology – This is an exploratory documentary analysis based on secondary data from technical notes prepared by the Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), through the Climate & Health Observatory, regarding the Brumadinho disaster (2019) and the floods in Rio Grande do Sul (2024). Originality/Relevance – This study fills a theoretical gap by integrating the analysis of health impacts from disasters (natural and technological) in the Brazilian context, focusing on the interplay between climate change, social vulnerability, and public mitigation policies. The research contributes to the academic debate on risk management, urban resilience, and public health. Results – The comparative analysis revealed significant health impacts on the affected populations, including physical, psychological, and social effects. Environmental and health aspects were more thoroughly addressed, while social and economic impacts were considered only marginally. Fragmentation among the different dimensions was observed, highlighting the need for greater intersectoral integration and alignment with sustainable development strategies. Structural limitations, such as insufficient resources and governance weaknesses, may compromise the effectiveness of mitigation and prevention actions. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions – The structured analysis of institutional documents reinforces the importance of systematic records and integrated methodologies for studies on the health impacts of disasters, providing support for future research and the development of preventive strategies. Social and Environmental Contributions – The study highlights the importance of public investment, preventive and multisectoral actions as a means to achieve socio-environmental justice and mitigate public health damage, reinforcing the need to align human rights with risk reduction plans and urban climate resilience.
Methodologies for assessing accessibility na inclusion in museums
Objective – To analyze and synthesize the approaches, methods, and techniques employed to promote accessibility in museums and cultural attractions. Methodology – A systematic literature review based on the PRISMA 2020 protocol, with searches conducted in the MDPI and Taylor & Francis databases, resulting in 17 selected articles. Originality/Relevance – The study highlights methodological gaps and the geographic concentration of the works, underscoring the importance of expanding research in diverse contexts, such as Latin America. Results – A predominance of data collection through questionnaires and interviews, limited use of systematic observation, and a focus on physical and intellectual disabilities, with less attention given to sensory disabilities and neurodivergence. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions – Demonstrates the need for more integrated approaches and the potential of underexplored techniques, such as systematic observation, particularly in the evaluation of digital accessibility. Social and Environmental Contributions – Reinforces the role of museums as agents of social inclusion by promoting practices that broaden access and audience diversity.
Mapping of community urban gardens in the municipality of São Paulo, SP
Objective – Mapping community urban gardens in the city of São Paulo, focusing on areas of social vulnerability and Special Zones of Social Interest (ZEIS), and analyze them from the perspective of the integrated approach of the water-energy-food nexus and its relationship with food and nutritional (in)security. Methodology – This is a case study in the city of São Paulo. The methodology consisted of spatial mapping of community gardens and ZEIS using QGIS software (version 3.40.4), based on secondary data from the GeoSampa and Sampa+Rural platforms. The maps were analyzed interpretatively and critically, in conjunction with a literature review on food security and the Nexo approach. Originality/Relevance – This study addresses the theoretical gap in the application of the Water-Energy-Food Nexus Approach to urban agriculture in peripheral areas. Its originality lies in investigating whether community gardens, located in areas of high social vulnerability, can be analyzed as an integrated strategy for optimizing resources and addressing food insecurity, a topic of academic and social relevance for sustainable urban planning. Results – The mapping identified 152 urban gardens in public spaces, of which 114 were classified as community gardens. These gardens are predominantly distributed in peripheral regions (South, East, and North Urban Zones), coinciding with favela and ZEIS areas, i.e., areas with greater socio-environmental vulnerability and food insecurity. The analysis concludes that, despite their good geographic distribution, it is assumed that the productive volume of these gardens is insufficient to significantly impact access to fresh food in these communities. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions – The study contributes theoretically by highlighting the relevance of urban agriculture as a potentially efficient system integrated into urban dynamics. Methodologically, it demonstrates the usefulness of geoprocessing tools (QGIS) and spatial data overlay for diagnosing and planning public policies for food security and urban planning. Social and Environmental Contributions – Urban community gardens, especially in public spaces, have the potential to promote food security, environmental education, grassroots organizing, and social inclusion in vulnerable areas. Furthermore, urban agriculture is recognized for its environmental benefits, such as urban drainage and heat island reduction. The study suggests that strengthening these gardens with more resources can shorten food distribution chains, reduce negative externalities (such as transportation costs and emissions), and increase their positive impacts on urban quality of life.
Artificial intelligence as a tool for urbanization and land regularization of favelas and urban communities
Objective – The objective of this research is to analyze the potential of technologies based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) as an auxiliary tool in land regularization and urbanization of precarious settlements, contrasting their contributions with the weaknesses of traditional surveying and monitoring techniques in these areas. Methodology – The research uses a qualitative and analytical approach, based on three axes: (i) comparative analysis between traditional methodologies and AI-based solutions; (ii) study of technological tools; and (iii) critical systematization of the use of AI in diagnosis, monitoring, forecasting and decision-making support. Originality/Relevance – The originality and relevance of this research lie in the investigation of the potential of technologies based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) as an auxiliary tool for urban planning specifically aimed at the process of urbanization and land regularization of favelas and urban communities. Results – The results suggest that AI, by combining geospatial, socioeconomic, and normative data, improves the quality of the information gathered, enables predictive simulations, and supports the development of socially just and resilient public policies. The contribution of interpretable algorithms to ensuring clarity and credibility is also evident, which is crucial for civil society approval of urbanization plans. It is clear that technological resources act as a support tool to promote fair and sustainable urban planning, but they do not replace professional evaluation, an essential element in this process. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions – The work highlights the methodological advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the dimensions of diagnosis, monitoring, forecasting and decision support, in the urban planning process aimed at the urbanization and land regularization of favelas and urban communities, enabling: combination of varied and detailed data to diagnose and monitor spatial dynamics, greater traceability and transparency with Explainable Artificial Intelligence (EAI) and strengthening community validation in relation to the methodological solidity of projects. Social and Environmental Contributions – The application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to the urbanization and land regularization of favelas and urban communities offers important social and environmental contributions. In the social sphere, AI enables the automated mapping of irregular areas, supporting more efficient and fair public policies, while also promoting social inclusion, transparency, and community participation in urban planning processes. From an environmental perspective, AI contributes to the sustainable monitoring of land use, the prevention of risks such as landslides and floods, and the planning of green infrastructure, favoring more balanced and resilient urban occupation. Thus, the use of AI becomes a strategic tool for building smarter, fairer, and more sustainable cities.
Water Security Index of the Municipality of São Paulo/SP
Objective - To analyze the Water Security Index (ISH) of the municipality of São Paulo, SP, focusing on the human, economic, ecosystem, and resilience dimensions, and urban resilience. Methodology - The research is qualitative and quantitative in nature, with a literature review based on documents and technical reports, water resources, water security, sanitation, and river basin plans, and information on water resources and sanitation systems. Regarding the Water Security Index (ISH) of the municipality of São Paulo, SP, focusing on the human, economic, ecosystem, and resilience dimensions, and demonstrating that this index is an important indicator of urban resilience. Originality/Relevance – The academic relevance of the topic suggests new research to be added to the composition of the water security index, such as: inclusion of water loss indicators with reduction targets, per capita water consumption in relation to average water availability, and the inclusion of minimum, average, and maximum temperatures to assess climate trends. Results – The analysis of the Water Security Index of the Municipality of São Paulo demonstrates its importance for urban resilience, given that 84% of the flows allocated in the Alto Tietê Basin, including the Municipality of São Paulo, are allocated to urban supply. Furthermore, the Basin has per capita water consumption in relation to its average water availability, at 128.79 m³/inhab.year, well below the critical value defined by the United Nations (UN), less than 1,500 m³/inhab.year. Furthermore, it is suggested to intensify the use of artificial intelligence for flow forecasting. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions – the research suggests expanding the indicators of the methodology applied to the water security index, as indicated by academic relevance. Social and Environmental Contributions – the study suggests actions that promote the conservation of water resources in quantitative and qualitative terms, especially for the continuity of urban water supply, as well as other uses, in addition to the survival of natural and artificial ecosystems.
Impacts of the New Legal Framework for Sanitation on Water Supply and Sewage Services in Pernambuco
Objective – To evaluate the impacts of the New Legal Framework for Sanitation (Law No. 14,026/2020) on water supply and sanitation services in Pernambuco, considering service coverage indicators, public management, and regional challenges. Methodology – The research adopts a qualitative and quantitative approach, based on bibliographic and documentary review, as well as comparative analysis of secondary data from the National Sanitation Information System (SNIS) and the National Information System on Sanitation (SINISA) for the years 2018 and 2023. Originality/Relevance – The study fills a gap in regional analyses of the New Legal Framework’s effects in the Northeast, focusing on Pernambuco, and includes a comparative assessment with Alagoas, Amapá, and Rio de Janeiro, emphasizing the role of regionalized concessions in achieving universalization. Results – The findings reveal a reduction in water supply coverage (from 80.5% to 72.7%) and a slight increase in sewage collection (from 27.5% to 29.5%), along with a decrease in per capita investment (from R$ 80.94 to R$ 31.20). Despite programs such as Cidade Saneada, Águas de Pernambuco, and PROSAR-PE, universalization goals remain distant. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions – The study highlights the need to improve monitoring systems (SNIS/SINISA) and strengthen regulatory and institutional mechanisms to ensure effective implementation of the new framework. Social and Environmental Contributions – The research points out that the success of the planned regionalized concession, with an estimated investment of R$ 19 billion, will depend on balancing economic viability, territorial equity, and water governance — essential for achieving SDG 6 of the 2030 Agenda.
Objective – To analyze the challenges of the location of Social Housing (SH) projects in Brazil. Methodology – The study adopts a qualitative and exploratory approach, based on a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) according to the PRISMA 2020 protocol, combined with content analysis. The search was carried out in the Web of Science and SciELO databases, resulting in 30 records, of which 14 composed the final corpus after screening with the Rayyan software. Originality/Relevance This study is original in consolidating dispersed evidence on the influence of SH location on urban integration, highlighting the role of qualified insertion as a guiding principle of housing policies. Its academic relevance lies in situating the housing debate within the field of sustainable urbanism, articulating socio-spatial justice, the right to the city, and urban planning. Results – The review shows that the predominance of peripheral projects reinforces socio-spatial segregation, increases social and economic costs, and amplifies environmental vulnerabilities. In contrast, experiences of qualified insertion, in central or well-connected areas, demonstrate greater potential for social inclusion, accessibility, and quality of life. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions – The study advances the critical systematization of the literature on SH, articulating frameworks of the right to the city and socio-spatial justice through an SLR. It also offers analytical categories useful for further investigations on housing policies and sustainable urban planning. Social and Environmental Contributions – The findings reinforce the need to overcome the peripheral logic of housing policies, integrating SH production into urban planning, mobility, and environmental management. In this way, SH can be consolidated as an instrument of social inclusion, citizenship, and sustainability, aligned with SDG 11 – Sustainable Cities and Communities.
Green Facades in Addressing Climate Change
Objective – To demonstrate the impact of implementing green facades on the thermal and energy performance of a multifamily building in Vitória/ES, considering future climate scenarios. Methodology – The study used computational simulation to compare the performance of a baseline case (existing building) with an intervention case (with green facade), analyzing data on thermal comfort, energy consumption, and peak temperatures for the current scenario, 2050, and 2090. Originality/Relevance – The research addresses the need for urban adaptation strategies to climate change in hot and humid climates, providing a quantitative analysis of the benefits of a nature-based solution, with academic and social relevance. Results – The green facade significantly increased the days and hours of thermal comfort, reduced energy consumption for air conditioning by up to 703 kWh/year and mitigated peak temperatures by up to 3.3°C, demonstrating its effectiveness as an adaptation measure. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions – The study provides a comparative analysis method for the performance of green facades in different climate scenarios, contributing to future research in the field. Social and Environmental Contributions – It highlights the potential of green facades to improve urban quality of life, reduce the carbon footprint of buildings, and promote city resilience in the face of climate challenges, generating direct benefits for society and the environment.
Evolution of Municipal Solid Waste Indicators in Brazil (2018–2023)
Objective – To analyze the evolution of municipal solid waste (MSW) indicators in Brazil between 2018 and 2023, discussing their impacts on public health and their relationship with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Methodology – A descriptive and exploratory research based on data obtained from the National Sanitation Information System (SNIS) and the National Information System on Sanitation (SINISA). Five indicators were evaluated: coverage of household waste collection, per capita waste generation, coverage of selective collection, inadequate final disposal, and recovery of recyclables, through descriptive, temporal, and interpretative analyses. Originality/Relevance – The study helps fill gaps in the understanding of recent developments in municipal solid waste management in Brazil, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, by directly relating waste indicators to the SDGs and public health. Results – The results show that household waste collection and per capita generation remained stable, around 1 kg per inhabitant/day, during the analyzed period. Selective collection, which had declined during the pandemic years, recovered in 2023. Inadequate waste disposal still represents about 25% of the total, despite signs of reduction in recent years. Recycling recovery increased significantly in 2023 but remains at a very low level, close to 1%. In addition, significant regional disparities persist across the country. Theoretical/Methodological contributions – The study demonstrates how sanitation indicators can be applied in an integrated way to the analysis of public policies and SDGs, reinforcing the importance of systematic monitoring. Social and Environmental Contributions – The findings highlight health risks associated with inadequate waste disposal, emphasize the urgency of equitable selective collection policies, and reinforce the need for strategies that strengthen the circular economy, contributing to more sustainable cities.
Objective – This study aims to understand how elements of the urban structure support behaviors associated with the subjective well-being of the elderly population. Methodology – Based on behavioral cartographies combining the Static Snapshots and Movement Traces techniques, the behaviors of older adults were recorded along the five blocks of the Calçadão (Pedestrian Street) in Londrina-PR. Non-participant observations were carried out in different shifts (morning, afternoon, and evening) and on three weekdays (Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday). Originality/Relevance – Given the demographic trend of population aging, the research reinforces the need to rethink urban space as support for the daily lives of a population more vulnerable to health and mobility issues. Understanding how urban configuration relates to the well-being of older adults provides input for interventions aimed at autonomy, safety, and social interaction. Results – The cartographies revealed a consistent sociability pattern: clusters of permanence in attractive points (such as fountains and planters) and in resting areas composed of benches or shaded steps. Headcounts indicated that the presence of older adults was more significant in the afternoon during weekdays, while on Saturdays it was predominantly concentrated in the morning. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions – The research expands the debate on how the built environment influences sociability, permanence, and, consequently, the well-being of older adults. The use of cartographies with a qualitative approach reinforces the importance of capturing social practices in the field and proves effective in identifying patterns of circulation, permanence, and sociability. Social and Environmental Contributions – The study encourages more inclusive and participatory urban policies. It demonstrates how micro-scale elements can contribute to the construction of social meanings in public space and reinforces the importance of accessible and welcoming environments for promoting active aging, which is essential for building healthier and more sustainable cities.
Diagnostic Engineering Applied to Property Appraisal
Objective – To analyze the impact of building pathologies on the depreciation of urban properties and to propose the adaptation of the Ross-Heidecke method to the Brazilian context, aiming to reduce the subjectivity of traditional calculations and increase the reliability of appraisal reports. Methodology – A conceptual and comparative approach was adopted, including a review of depreciation methods used in Brazil and their practical application to a 22-year-old multifamily residential building. The inspection covered common areas and housing units, following the criteria of NBR 15575 and technical protocols for building inspection. Originality/Relevance – The study is original in integrating building diagnostics with property appraisal by incorporating the diagnosis of pathological manifestations as a criterion for defining the depreciation coefficient. This proposal addresses the gap in methods that consider only age and service life, providing greater accuracy in the calculation. Results – A significant variation among the methods analyzed was observed, with depreciation coefficients ranging from 9.88% to 35.02%. The adapted Ross-Heidecke model showed greater potential to represent the real conservation condition of the property, reducing the dispersion of results. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions – The study enhances the technical rigor of depreciation calculations, uses NBR 15575 as a performance benchmark, and suggests a checklist based on pathological anomalies applicable to building inspections. Social and Environmental Contributions – The research contributes to more accurate diagnoses, promotes the valorization of well-maintained buildings, stimulates a culture of preventive maintenance, and provides greater transparency in real estate transactions. Furthermore, it strengthens legal security and supports urban sustainability by encouraging conservation practices.
Territorial Dynamics and Urban Inequalities
Objective - The main objective of this study is to analyze and describe the level of engagement and progress of ten municipalities in the state of Mato Grosso in relation to the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Methodology - The present study adopts a quantitative and descriptive approach, based on the analysis of secondary data presented in bar charts. The method employed is comparative performance analysis, where the scores attributed to each municipality in relation to the specific SDGs of each axis (Environmental: SDGs 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15; Economic: SDGs 8, 9, 10, 11; Institutional: SDGs 16, 17) are compared among the cities and across different objectives. The interpretation of the data aims to identify patterns, anomalies, and trends in the municipalities' fulfillment of SDG requirements. Originality/Relevance - The study addresses a theoretical gap in the evaluation of municipal performance regarding the SDGs, especially in specific regional contexts such as Mato Grosso, a state of great environmental and economic relevance to Brazil. The literature on the localization and implementation of the 2030 Agenda at the subnational level still lacks detailed analyses that allow for the identification of nuances in progress and obstacles in different municipal realities. Results - The municipalities of Mato Grosso show heterogeneous performance across the SDGs. In the Environmental axis, they excel in Water and Sanitation (SDG 6) and Clean Energy (SDG 7), but face challenges in Life Below Water (SDG 14) and Life on Land (SDG 15). In the Economic axis, there is progress in Sustainable Cities (SDG 11) and Reduced Inequalities (SDG 10), yet performance is consistently low in Industry and Innovation (SDG 9). In the Institutional axis, cities demonstrate advancements in Effective Institutions (SDG 16), but show widespread weakness in Partnerships and Means of Implementation (SDG 17). Theoretical/Methodological Contributions - Methodologically, the research demonstrates the applicability of comparative performance analysis of multiple SDGs for a comprehensive diagnosis of sustainability at the municipal level, providing a descriptive model that can be replicated in other regions to identify potentials and priority intervention areas. Social and Environmental Contributions - By identifying the SDGs in which municipalities demonstrate fragility, the study allows for directing investments and actions towards critical areas, such as the conservation of fluvial and terrestrial ecosystems, the promotion of innovation and sustainable infrastructure, and the strengthening of partnerships for resource mobilization.
Development of an Educational Application for Visual Soil Analysis Using Artificial Intelligence
Objective – to present the development and application of an educational prototype based on artificial intelligence for visual soil analysis, focused on interactive learning and sustainability. Methodology – the application was developed in Python (Streamlit), integrating modules for color, texture, structure, moisture, and root analysis, supported by Munsell visual references and soil science literature. The process included support from generative AI tools (ChatGPT, OpenAI) and was tested with Environmental Engineering students at UNESP – Sorocaba. Originality/Relevance – the proposal introduces a bilingual interface (Portuguese and Spanish) combining technology and environmental education. It highlights how AI can empower non-programmers to create innovative sustainability tools. Results – the tests revealed high student engagement and didactic potential. The app proved effective for guided interpretation of soil characteristics, though color variation under different lighting and camera conditions suggests future technical refinements. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions – presents a replicable approach to developing educational tools with AI support, emphasizing human–machine collaboration in environmental learning. Social and Environmental Contributions – promotes knowledge democratization and awareness about soil conservation among students and small farmers, contributing to SDGs 4, 11, and 15.
Contextualization: In the face of an increasingly urbanized world, efforts have been directed towards achieving sustainable forms of urban development. In this process, ensuring adequate walkability is essential. Walkability can be conceptualized as the spatial quality of a place that favors the presence of pedestrians in that public space. To measure it, a walkability index is generally used. Relevance: Since the origin of the first indexes in the 1990s, there has been no consensus on which would be the most appropriate tool to evaluate each context, which encourages the continuous emergence of new methodologies. Objective: This article aims to validate the content of the walkability index created by Silva and Silva (2025), formulated from the perspective of the 15-minute city. Methodology: The content validation methodology proposed by Hernández-Nieto (2002) was used, with the voluntary participation of experts in the field, who evaluated the practical relevance and clarity of the tool's language. Results: The walkability index, as well as all its constituent indicators, achieved a Content Validation Coefficient (CVC) above the minimum recommended in the literature (0.70). However, based on the experts' comments, it was possible to identify overlaps between the indicators, which resulted in the removal of four of the initial 31 indicators. Contributions: The results obtained can contribute to the advancement of the literature by providing greater reliability to the index and supporting more accurate diagnoses of walkability.
Intersectional analysis of walkability in Belo Horizonte from a racial and gender perspective
Objective – The study aims to assess walkability in the planned area of ​​Belo Horizonte, comparing the application of the Ergonomic Pedestrian Comfort Index (ICEP), developed by Albala (2022), with popular perceptions obtained through a questionnaire. Additionally, a micro-scale study is conducted on the block where part of the author's family lived, incorporating a memory dimension into the urban analysis. The article also incorporates gender and race perspectives, highlighting how these markers influence the walking experience and challenge the limits of strictly technical assessments. The specific objectives are: Apply the ICEP in the planned area of ​​Belo Horizonte using urban databases; Develop and administer an online questionnaire to collect popular perceptions of walkability, considering sociodemographic variables; Critically analyze the indices for the absence of indicators related to gender and race; Critically compare the results of the two indices used, highlighting the differences between popular perception and technical research; Conduct a micro-scale study of the block where the researcher's family lived, comparing old and current photographs; Integrate the family narrative as an illustrative element of the dynamics of urban exclusion in Belo Horizonte; Reinforce the understanding and importance of walking as a priority mode of transport in decision-making on public urban mobility policies; Contribute guidelines, at the urban design level, based on the revision of the Belo Horizonte Master Plan. Methodology – The manuscript was written using a qualitative and quantitative approach, combining technical methods of spatial analysis with instruments for investigating subjective perception, to understand the walkability conditions in the planned area of ​​Belo Horizonte and their relationship with social markers of gender and race. The first stage consisted of surveying and systematizing literature on walkability, the right to the city, race, gender, and urban planning. Based on this framework, a set of methodological procedures was defined for analyzing walkability in the internal area of ​​Avenida do Contorno, the core of the original project for the capital of Minas Gerais. The second stage involved applying the Ergonomic Pedestrian Comfort Index (ICEP), developed by Albala (2022), with adaptations for the study area. Subsequently, the research continued with the development and administration of a structured questionnaire aimed at visitors and residents of the central and south-central regions. The instrument was constructed based on 27 walkability indicators formulated by Carvalho (2018), organized as statements on a Likert scale. The questions sought to capture participants' perceptions of the comfort, safety, attractiveness, and accessibility of spaces, as well as sociodemographic factors, enabling intersectional analyses. This data collection was complemented by open-ended interviews with two women who lived in the planned area of ​​Belo Horizonte before being relocated to peripheral areas. The analysis of these narratives was interconnected with a spatial reading of the original block where they lived, supported by historical and current images collected during field visits. The study progressed with a comparative analysis of ICEP data and the perceptions collected via questionnaire. This comparison allowed us to observe convergences and divergences between the technical reading, popular perception, and the analysis of memories of walkability, with a focus on the intersections of race and gender. Data triangulation revealed elements not captured by conventional indicators, reinforcing the importance of approaches sensitive to urban inequality. Originality/Relevance – The article integrates urban infrastructure, social perceptions, and intersectional perspectives of gender, race, and territorial affiliation in assessing walkability—dimensions rarely considered in traditional methodologies. It contributes to the debate on the right to the city and urban and territorial justice, based on a critical approach that combines technical elements and everyday experience, broadening the understanding of urban mobility and guiding equitable policies. Results – From a technical perspective, the application of the ICEP resulted in mild discomfort, but with a spatial contrast. However, popular perception, as elicited by the questionnaire, revealed a more critical result, especially among women and Black people, who associated insecurity with poor lighting and the absence of people on the streets. Comparing the two results demonstrates the limitations of strictly technical assessments, which tend to obscure social and identity inequalities. The study of Curvelo Street, in turn, reinforced this framework by highlighting how processes of racial segregation and rising real estate values ​​transformed the space. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions – The study clarifies that walkability cannot be understood solely through technical indicators or from a neutral and universal perspective; it is essential to incorporate social perceptions and intersectional perspectives. Theoretically, it highlights walking as a social and political practice, reinforcing the need for urban policies and assessments that consider subjective experiences. Methodologically, the integration of ICEP, a popular questionnaire, and a microscale study allows for the identification of gaps in traditional instruments. Social and Environmental Contributions – The article highlights that walkability is not limited to infrastructure, implying issues of urban justice and the right to the city. Methodological integration highlights gaps in technical indicators and persistent inequalities. In this context, environmental elements, such as trees, shade, and sidewalk continuity, impact comfort and safety, indicating that urban policies must combine infrastructure, social equity, and environmental quality to promote more just and sustainable cities.